all-in-one privacy solution":["Proton Unlimited tam kapsamlı bir gizlilik ve güvenlik çözümüdür"],"Black Friday":["Muhteşem Cuma"],"No ads. Privacy by default.":["Reklamsız. Privacy by default."],"People before profits":["İnsanlar paradan önce gelir"],"Security through transparency":["Şeffaflık ile güvenlik"],"The best Proton Mail ${ BLACK_FRIDAY } deals":["En iyi Proton Mail ${ BLACK_FRIDAY } fırsatları"],"The world’s only community- supported email service":["Dünyanın tek topluluk tarafından desteklenen e-posta hizmeti"]},"specialoffer:limited":{"${ hours } hour":["${ hours } saat","${ hours } saat"],"${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft } and ${ secondsLeft } left":["${ hoursLeft } - ${ minutesLeft } - ${ secondsLeft } kaldı"],"${ minutes } minute":["${ minutes } dakika","${ minutes } dakika"],"${ seconds } second":["${ seconds } saniye","${ seconds } saniye"],"Limited time offer":["Sınırlı süreli teklif"]},"specialoffer:listitem":{"Create multiple addresses":["Birden adres oluşturun"],"Hide-my-email aliases":["Hide-my-email takma adları (e-posta adresi)"],"Quickly unsubscribe from newsletters":["Bülten aboneliğinden hızlı ayrılma"],"Use your own domain name":["Kendi etki alanınızı kullanın"]},"specialoffer:logos":{"As featured in":["Belirtildiği gibi"]},"specialoffer:metadescription":{"Get an encrypted email that protects your privacy":["Gizliliğinizi koruyan bir şifreli e-posta edinin"]},"specialoffer:metatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday Sale - Up to 40% off":["Proton Mail Muhteşem Cuma İndirimleri - %40'a varan indirimler"]},"specialoffer:newmetadescription":{"Get up to 40% off Proton Mail subscriptions this Black Friday. Find great deals on our secure end-to-end encrypted email plans.":["Bu Muhteşem Cuma'da Proton Mail aboneliklerinde %40'a varan indirimlerden faydalanın. Uçtan uca şifrelenmiş e-posta tarifelerimiz için muhteşem fırsatlardan yararlanın."]},"specialoffer:newmetatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday sale | Up to 40% off secure email":["Proton Mail Muhteşem Cuma İndirimleri - Güvenli e-postada %40'a varan indirimler"]},"specialoffer:note":{"* Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["* İlk yıl için ${ TOTAL_SUM } üzerinden faturalandırılır"],"*Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["*ilk 2 yıl için ${ TOTAL_SUM } üzerinden faturalandırılır"],"30-day money-back guarantee":["30 günlük para iade garantisi"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["İlk 2 yıl için ${ TOTAL_SUM } üzerinden faturalandırılır"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["İlk yıl için ${ TOTAL_SUM } üzerinden faturalandırılır"],"You save ${ SAVE_SUM }":["${ SAVE_SUM } tasarruf ediyorsunuz"]},"specialoffer:off":{"${ DISCOUNT } off":["${ DISCOUNT } indirim"],"${ PERCENT_OFF } off":["${ PERCENT_OFF } indirim"]},"specialoffer:testimonial":{"I love my ProtonMail":["ProtonMail'imi seviyorum"],"My favorite email service":["En sevdiğim e-posta hizmeti"],"Thanks Proton for keeping us all safe in the complicated internet universe.":["Hepimizi bu karışık internet evreninde güvende tuttuğun için teşekkürler Proton."],"You get what you pay for. In the case of big tech, if you pay nothing, you get used. I quit using Gmail and switched to @ProtonMail":["Ödediğinizin karşılığını alırsınız. Big Tech şirketleri söz konusu olduğunda, hiçbir şey ödememiyorsanız sizi kullanırlar. Gmail kullanmayı bıraktım ve @ProtonMail hizmetine geçtim"]},"specialoffer:time":{"Days":["Gün"],"Hours":["Saat"],"Min":["Dakika"]},"specialoffer:title":{"And much more":["Ve çok daha fazlası"],"Make your inbox yours":["Gelen kutunuzu kendize özel tutun"],"Safe from trackers":["İzleyicilerden güvende olun"],"Stay organized":["Düzenli kalın"],"Black Friday email deals":["Muhteşem Cuma e-posta fırsatları"],"Don’t just take our word for it":["Sırf bizden duymuş olmayın"],"Our story":["Öykümüz"],"Transfer your data from Google in one click":["Google'dan bilgilerinizi tek tıkla aktarın"]},"specialoffer:tooltip":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES }+ countries, connect up to 10 devices, access worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Yasaklı içeriklere erişin ve gizlice gezinin. ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES } üzeri ülkede ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS } üzerinde sunucu, 10 aygıta kadar bağlantı, dünya çapındaki yayın hizmetlerine erişim, kötü amaçlı yazılım ve reklam engelleyici, ve daha fazlasını içerir."],"Easily share your calendar with your family, friends or colleagues, and view external calendars.":["Takviminizi bir bağlantı aracılığıyla ailenizle, arkadaşlarınızla veya iş arkadaşlarınızla paylaşın ve başka takvimleri görüntüleyin."],"Includes support for 1 custom email domain, 10 email addresses, 10 hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["1 özel e-posta etki alanı, 10 e-posta adresi, 10 hide-my-email takma adı, takvim paylaşma ve daha fazlası için destek içerir."],"Includes support for 3 custom email domains, 15 email addresses, unlimited hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["3 özel e-posta etki alanı, 15 e-posta adresi, sınırsız hide-my-email takma adı, takvim paylaşma ve daha fazlası için destek içerir."],"Manage up to 25 calendars, mobile apps, secured with end-to-end encryption, 1-click calendar import from Google, and more.":["25'ye kadar takvim yönetin, mobil uygulamalar, uçtan uca şifreleme ile koruma, Google'dan tek tıkla aktarma ve daha fazlası."]},"Status Banner":{"At the moment we are experiencing issues with the Proton VPN service":["Şu anda Proton VPN hizmetiyle ilgili sorunlar yaşıyoruz"],"Learn more":["Ayrıntılı bilgi alın"]},"Status banner":{"Learn more":["Ayrıntılı bilgi alın"],"Please note that at the moment we are experiencing issues with the ${ issues[0] } service.":["Şu anda ${ issues[0] } hizmeti ile ilgili sorun yaşamaktayız, bilginize."],"We are experiencing issues with one or more services at the moment.":["Şu anda bir veya daha fazla hizmet ile ilgili sorun yaşamaktayız."]},"suggestions":{"Suggestions":["Öneriler"]},"Support":{"Sub category":["Alt kategori","Alt kategori"]},"Support article":{"${ readingTime } min":["${ readingTime } dakikalık","${ readingTime } dakikalık"],"Category":["Kategori","Kategori"],"Didn’t find what you were looking for?":["Aradığınızı bulamadınız mı?"],"General contact":["Genel iletişim"],"Get help":["Yardım alın"],"Legal contact":["Hukuki iletişim"],"Media contact":["Medya iletişimi"],"Partnerships contact":["Ortaklık iletişimi"],"Reading":["Okuma süresi"]},"Support troubleshooting":{"App version":["Uygulama sürümü"],"Browser":["Tarayıcı"],"Check if this helps":["Yardımcı olabilecek bu cevaba bir göz atın"],"Choose a product":["Bir ürün seçin"],"Did this solve your issue?":["Bu, sorununuzu çözdü mü?"],"Faster assistance is just a few clicks away":["Daha hızlı yardım birkaç tık uzağınızda"],"How can we help?":["Nasıl yardımcı olabiliriz?"],"No, contact support":["Hayır, destekle iletişime geçin"],"Please fill out one field after another":["Lütfen alanları tek tek sırayla doldurun"],"Please make your selections":["Lütfen seçimlerinizi yapın"],"Proton account":["Proton hesabı"],"Proton Bridge":["Proton Bridge"],"Proton Calendar":["Proton Calendar"],"Proton Drive":["Proton Drive"],"Proton for Business":["Proton for Business"],"Proton Mail":["Proton Mail"],"Proton Pass":["Proton Pass"],"Proton VPN":["Proton VPN"],"Thank you for your feedback":["Geri bildiriminiz için teşekkürler"],"What can we help with?":["Ne konuda yardımcı olabiliriz?"],"Yes":["Evet"]},"support_modal_search_query":{"Search query":["Sorgu ara"]},"support_search_button":{"Search":["Ara"]},"support_search_i_am_looking_for":{"I'm looking for":["Şunu arıyorum: -"]},"SupportForm":{"For a faster resolution, please report the issue from the Bridge app: Help > Report a problem.":["Daha hızlı bir çözüm için, lütfen sorunu Bridge uygulamasının Yardım > Bir sorun bildir kısmından bildiririn."],"Information":["Bilgi"]},"SupportForm:option":{"Account Security":["Hesap Güvenliği"],"Contacts":["Kişiler"],"Custom email domain":["Özel e-posta etki alanı"],"Email delivery and Spam":["E-posta iletimi ve istenmeyen e-postalar"],"Encryption":["Şifreleme"],"Login and password":["Oturum ve şifre"],"Merge aliases and accounts":["Takma adları (e-posta adresi) ve hesapları birleştir"],"Migrate to Proton":["Proton üzerine aktarım"],"Notifications":["Bildirimler"],"Other":["Diğer"],"Plans and billing":["Tarifeler ve faturalandırma"],"Proton for Business":["Proton for Business"],"Sign up":["Hesap açma"],"Storage":["Depolama"],"Users, addresses, and identities":["Kullanıcılar, adresler ve kimlikler"]},"SupportForm:optionIntro":{"Select a topic":["Bir konu seç"]},"swiss_baseed_feature":{"Swiss based":["İsviçre merkezli"]},"Testimonial":{"Awards":["Ödüller"],"Customers":["Müşteriler"],"Featured":["Öne Çıkanlar"],"Go to testimonial source":["Müşteri görüşünün kaynağına git"],"Reviews":["İncelemeler"],"Videos":["Videolar"]},"Text":{"If you need help, check out our ${ supportLink }.":["Yardıma ihtiyacınız varsa ${ supportLink } ziyaret edebilirsiniz."],"The page you’re looking for might have been removed, or it could be an\nold link.":["Aradığınız sayfa kaldırılmış veya eski bir\nbağlantı olabilir."]},"Title":{"On this page":["Bu sayfada"],"Related articles":["İlgili makaleler"],"Share ${ thisPage }":["${ thisPage } paylaşın"],"Thank you!":["Teşekkürler!"],"this page":["Bu sayfayı"]},"Tooltip":{"More information":["Daha fazla bilgi"]},"tooltip_vpn":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES }+ countries, highest VPN speed, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } VPN connections, worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Yasaklı içeriklere erişin ve gizlice gezinin. ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES } üzeri ülkede ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS } üzerinde sunucu, en yüksek VPN hızını, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } VPN bağlantısı, dünya çapındaki yayın hizmetlerini, kötü amaçlı yazılım ve reklam engelleyici, ve daha fazlasını içerir."]},"version_history_label":{"Version history":["Sürüm geçmişi"]},"version_history_tooltip":{"Store up to ${ versionHistoryNumber } versions of each file for up to ${ years } years":["Her dosyanın ${ versionHistoryNumber } sürümünü ${ years } yıla kadar tutun"]}}},"base":"blog","unleashApi":"https://account.proton.me/api","cdn":{"url":"https://pmecdn.protonweb.com/","enabled":"true"}};
window.frameworkContext = frameworkContext;
window.__toAssetUrl = (filename) => {
if (frameworkContext.cdn !== undefined && frameworkContext.cdn.enabled === 'true') {
return `${frameworkContext.cdn.url}${frameworkContext.base}/${filename}`;
} else {
return `/${frameworkContext.base}/${filename}`;
}
};
})();
What is a rainbow table attack and how to prevent it? | Proton
In this article, we explore how rainbow table attacks work and discuss ways to prevent them.
Rainbow table attack definition
A rainbow table attack is a cryptographic attack hackers use to break into systems by figuring out passwords from their hashes, which act as digital fingerprints. A hash function maps each password with a corresponding string of characters.
Unlike a brute-force attack(new window) that tries every possible password one by one, a rainbow table attack doesn’t require guesswork once the table is precomputed. This precomputed table (known as a rainbow table because of the way it looks if color-coded) is essentially a large database of hash value pairs linked to their plaintext counterparts.
How a rainbow table password attack works
1. Creating a list of passwords
When creating rainbow tables, hackers often target the most likely and commonly used passwords with simple patterns (for example, 123456, password, or qwerty), dictionary words, or password dumps obtained from data breaches.
2. Selecting the hash function and converting the passwords
Rainbow table attacks work well with simpler, faster cryptographic hash functions like MD-5, SHA-1, LM Hash, or NTLM Hash since they don’t use security features like salting (adding random data to each password before hashing) or key stretching (repeatedly hashing the password).
Password hashed with MD-5
Plaintext password
482c811da5d5b4bc6d497ffa98491e38
password123
Each plaintext password runs through the hash function to generate its corresponding hash, which has a unique, fixed-size string of characters as in the example above. Once all passwords are hashed, the hacker can use them to create the rainbow table.
3. Creating the rainbow table to reveal passwords
A rainbow table can be seen as a big Excel sheet, with hashed passwords in the first column and plaintext passwords in the second. If a breached hash is present in this table, that means the breached password is the cell next to it.
Rainbow table attack examples
Here are two hypothetical examples to illustrate how a rainbow table attack could play out:
A hacker identifies a social media site that uses an outdated hashing algorithm without any salting. By exploiting a SQL injection flaw, the attacker extracts the hash values of user passwords from the website’s database. Then they use a precomputed rainbow table to quickly convert thousands of these hashes back into plaintext passwords, compromising user accounts.
During routine network monitoring, a hacker discovers that an e-commerce website transmits password hashes insecurely between its servers and uses network sniffing tools to capture this data. Since they now have access to the password hashes, the hacker uses a rainbow table attack to decode customer passwords, gaining access to their shopping accounts and personal information.
Rainbow table attack data breaches
Rainbow table attacks have been used in the real world to steal millions of login details.
For example, a 2012 LinkedIn hack(new window) by Russian cybercriminals resulted in the theft of nearly 6.5 million user account passwords, causing a significant data breach. Following the initial discovery, LinkedIn found an additional 100 million compromised email addresses and passwords in 2016 related to the same incident. The stolen passwords were poorly protected, lacking additional security measures like salting, making them easier for attackers to decrypt using standard rainbow tables
How to prevent rainbow table attacks
Choose platforms with strong hash functions
Secure hash functions like bcrypt(new window) or Argon2(new window) use salting(new window) to add random data to your password before creating its hash. Without the salt, the password’s hash won’t show up in a rainbow table, so an attack would fail.
If you run your own websites or databases, keep your security settings updated by using plugins or modules that implement strong hashing algorithms.
Use complex passwords
Instead of using easy-to-guess passwords, opt for secure passwords(new window) made from at least 12 characters, which contain uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. Examples of strong passwords are ?GmmM1Z[c5:F or beht=ty]P:)Gf^c?p?+7. It’s unlikely for a cyberattacker to target such complex passwords using rainbow table attacks.
Turn on multi-factor authentication
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) like two-factor authentication (2FA)(new window) adds at least one more form of authentication to the password request, such as a code on your 2FA authenticator. If an attacker successfully discovers your password after a rainbow table attack, they won’t be able to pass the next steps of authentication.
Additionally, if you get an unexpected request for extra verification, it’s a clear sign that someone is trying to get into your account. You can quickly respond by changing your password.
Use alias email addresses
Alias email addresses(new window) can protect you from data breaches that could lead to rainbow table attacks since they are not connected to your primary email addresses. For example, you can keep using your main email for important messages and finances while reserving email aliases for less secure activities, such as signing up for untrusted services. If your alias email address is hacked, you can simply disable it.
Monitor the internet for data breaches
By staying informed about the latest breaches, you can determine if any of the services you use have been compromised and if your data has been leaked. This allows you to take proactive steps, such as changing your passwords immediately, to prevent hackers from using potentially exposed data to gain unauthorized access to your accounts.
All Proton Pass subscribers can use Pass Monitor(new window) to monitor the health of all passwords and Dark Web Monitoring(new window) to track various sources for data breaches. Our security model(new window) uses the secure bcrypt hashing algorithm, which salts your passwords before hashing them to stop rainbow table attacks. Furthermore, we run an advanced security program called Proton Sentinel(new window) to detect and prevent account takeover attacks.
Start securing your accounts from rainbow table attacks by signing up for a free Proton Pass account today.
Struggling to keep track of all your passwords? You’re not the only one.
Password managers exist because it’s difficult to keep track of hundreds of
logins and all their various passwords. It’s likely you have saved passwords on
your devices for conv
Cyberattacks aren’t always executed through sophisticated methods like
man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks on public WiFi. Sometimes, they rely on
something as simple as looking over your shoulder.
Shoulder surfing attacks are when someone watches you
Proton prioritizes our community’s privacy and data security in every aspect of
our business.
To further demonstrate our commitment, we underwent a rigorous external audit
and – on May 2, 2024 – received our ISO 27001 certification.
As an organiz
Anyone with an iPhone can now enjoy Proton Drive’s secure and private photo
backup capabilities. This feature is gradually rolling out to the Proton
community and will be available to everyone by the end of this week.
Smartphones have made us all am
From the very beginning, Proton has always been a different type of
organization. This was probably evident from the way in which we got started via
a public crowdfunding campaign that saw 10,000 people donate over $500,000 to
launch development. As
Your online data is valuable. While it might feel like you’re browsing the web
for free, you’re actually paying marketing companies with your personal
information. Often, even when you pay for services, these companies still
collect and profit from y