all-in-one privacy solution":["Proton Unlimited to wszechstronne rozwiązanie zapewniające prywatność"],"Black Friday":["Czarny Piątek"],"No ads. Privacy by default.":["Brak reklam. Prywatność w standardzie."],"People before profits":["Ludzie przed zyskiem"],"Security through transparency":["Bezpieczeństwo dzięki przejrzystości"],"The best Proton Mail ${ BLACK_FRIDAY } deals":["Najlepsze oferty Proton Mail ${ BLACK_FRIDAY }"],"The world’s only community- supported email service":["Jedyna na świecie usługa poczty elektronicznej wspierana przez społeczność"]},"specialoffer:limited":{"${ hours } hour":["${ hours } godzina","${ hours } godziny","${ hours } godzin","${ hours } godziny"],"${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft } and ${ secondsLeft } left":["Pozostało: ${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft } i ${ secondsLeft }"],"${ minutes } minute":["${ minutes } minuta","${ minutes } minuty","${ minutes } minut","${ minutes } minuty"],"${ seconds } second":["${ seconds } sekunda","${ seconds } sekundy","${ seconds } sekund","${ seconds } sekundy"],"Limited time offer":["Oferta ograniczona czasowo"]},"specialoffer:listitem":{"Create multiple addresses":["Utwórz wiele adresów"],"Hide-my-email aliases":["Aliasy hide-my-email"],"Quickly unsubscribe from newsletters":["Szybko anuluj subskrypcję biuletynów"],"Use your own domain name":["Korzystaj z własnej nazwy domeny"]},"specialoffer:logos":{"As featured in":["Opinie naszych klientów"]},"specialoffer:metadescription":{"Get an encrypted email that protects your privacy":["Uzyskaj zaszyfrowaną usługę e-mail, która chroni Twoją prywatność"]},"specialoffer:metatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday Sale - Up to 40% off":["Wyprzedaż Proton Mail z okazji Czarnego Piątku – uzyskaj do 40% zniżki"]},"specialoffer:newmetadescription":{"Get up to 40% off Proton Mail subscriptions this Black Friday. Find great deals on our secure end-to-end encrypted email plans.":["Uzyskaj do 40% zniżki na subskrypcje Proton Mail w ten Czarny Piątek. Znajdź wspaniałe oferty naszych bezpiecznych planów usługi poczty elektronicznej w szyfrowaniu end-to-end."]},"specialoffer:newmetatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday sale | Up to 40% off secure email":["Wyprzedaż Proton Mail z okazji Czarnego Piątku | Do 40% zniżki na bezpieczną pocztę elektroniczną"]},"specialoffer:note":{"* Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["* Płatne ${ TOTAL_SUM } za pierwszy rok"],"*Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["* Płatne ${ TOTAL_SUM } za pierwsze 2 lata"],"30-day money-back guarantee":["30-dniowa gwarancja zwrotu pieniędzy"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["Płatne ${ TOTAL_SUM } za pierwsze 2 lata"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["Płatne ${ TOTAL_SUM } za pierwszy rok"],"You save ${ SAVE_SUM }":["Oszczędzasz ${ SAVE_SUM }"]},"specialoffer:off":{"${ DISCOUNT } off":["-${ DISCOUNT }"],"${ PERCENT_OFF } off":["-${ PERCENT_OFF }"]},"specialoffer:testimonial":{"I love my ProtonMail":["Uwielbiam ProtonMail"],"My favorite email service":["Moja ulubiona usługa e-mail"],"Thanks Proton for keeping us all safe in the complicated internet universe.":["Dziękuję Protonowi za dbanie o nasze bezpieczeństwo w skomplikowanym internetowym uniwersum."],"You get what you pay for. In the case of big tech, if you pay nothing, you get used. I quit using Gmail and switched to @ProtonMail":["Dostajesz to, za co płacisz. W przypadku przedsiębiorstw big tech, jeśli nie płacisz nic, zostaniesz wykorzystany. Przestałam korzystać z Gmail i przeniosłam się na @ProtonMail"]},"specialoffer:time":{"Days":["Dni"],"Hours":["Godz."],"Min":["Min"]},"specialoffer:title":{"And much more":["I wiele więcej"],"Make your inbox yours":["Spraw, aby Twoja skrzynka odbiorcza była naprawdę Twoja"],"Safe from trackers":["Bezpieczeństwo od skryptów śledzących"],"Stay organized":["Zachowaj porządek"],"Black Friday email deals":["Oferty e-mailowe na Czarny Piątek"],"Don’t just take our word for it":["Nie musisz wierzyć nam na słowo"],"Our story":["Nasza historia"],"Transfer your data from Google in one click":["Przenieś dane z Google jednym kliknięciem"]},"specialoffer:tooltip":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES }+ countries, connect up to 10 devices, access worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Uzyskaj dostęp do zablokowanych treści i przeglądaj prywatnie Internet. Obejmuje ponad ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS } serwerów w ponad ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES } krajach z możliwością połączenia do 10 urządzeń, a także dostęp do globalnych usług streamingu, blokadę reklam, złośliwego oprogramowania i wiele więcej."],"Easily share your calendar with your family, friends or colleagues, and view external calendars.":["Łatwo udostępniaj swój kalendarz rodzinie, znajomym oraz współpracownikom i wyświetla kalendarze zewnętrzne."],"Includes support for 1 custom email domain, 10 email addresses, 10 hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["Zawiera obsługę 1 niestandardowej domeny e-mail, 10 adresów e-mail, 10 aliasów hide-my-email, udostępnianie kalendarza i nie tylko."],"Includes support for 3 custom email domains, 15 email addresses, unlimited hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["Obejmuje obsługę 3 niestandardowych domen e-mail, 15 adresów e-mail, nielimitowane aliasy hide-my-email, udostępnianie kalendarza i nie tylko."],"Manage up to 25 calendars, mobile apps, secured with end-to-end encryption, 1-click calendar import from Google, and more.":["Zarządzanie nawet 25 kalendarzami, aplikacje mobilne, bezpieczne szyfrowanie metodą end-to-end, importowanie kalendarza za pomocą jednego kliknięcia z Google i więcej."]},"Status Banner":{"At the moment we are experiencing issues with the Proton VPN service":["W tej chwili mamy problemy z usługą Proton VPN"],"Learn more":["Dowiedz się więcej"]},"Status banner":{"Learn more":["Dowiedz się więcej"],"Please note that at the moment we are experiencing issues with the ${ issues[0] } service.":["Uwaga: obecnie występują problemy z usługą ${ issues[0] }."],"We are experiencing issues with one or more services at the moment.":["Mamy problemy z co najmniej jedną usługą."]},"suggestions":{"Suggestions":["Sugestie"]},"Support":{"Sub category":["Podkategoria","Podkategorie","Podkategorii","Podkategorii"]},"Support article":{"${ readingTime } min":["${ readingTime } min","${ readingTime } min","${ readingTime } min","${ readingTime } min"],"Category":["Kategoria","Kategorie","Kategorii","Kategorii"],"Didn’t find what you were looking for?":["Nie znaleziono szukanej frazy?"],"General contact":["Skontaktuj się, wykorzystując ogólne zapytanie"],"Get help":["Uzyskaj pomoc"],"Legal contact":["Skontaktuj się z działem prawnym"],"Media contact":["Skontaktuj się z zespołem medialnym"],"Partnerships contact":["Skontaktuj się z zespołem ds. partnerstwa"],"Reading":["Odczytywanie"]},"Support troubleshooting":{"App version":["Wersja aplikacji"],"Browser":["Przeglądarka"],"Check if this helps":["Sprawdź, czy to pomoże"],"Choose a product":["Wybierz produkt"],"Did this solve your issue?":["Czy Twój problem został rozwiązany?"],"Faster assistance is just a few clicks away":["Szybsze wsparcie uzyskasz w kilka kliknięć"],"How can we help?":["Jak możemy pomóc?"],"No, contact support":["Nie, skontaktuj się z pomocą techniczną"],"Please fill out one field after another":["Wypełnij pola jedno po drugim"],"Please make your selections":["Dokonaj wyboru"],"Proton account":["Konto Proton"],"Proton Bridge":["Proton Bridge"],"Proton Calendar":["Proton Calendar"],"Proton Drive":["Proton Drive"],"Proton for Business":["Proton for Business"],"Proton Mail":["Proton Mail"],"Proton Pass":["Proton Pass"],"Proton VPN":["Proton VPN"],"Thank you for your feedback":["Dziękujemy za podzielenie się opinią"],"What can we help with?":["W czym możemy pomóc?"],"Yes":["Tak"]},"support_modal_search_query":{"Search query":["Zapytanie wyszukiwania"]},"support_search_button":{"Search":["Szukaj"]},"support_search_i_am_looking_for":{"I'm looking for":["Szukam"]},"SupportForm":{"For a faster resolution, please report the issue from the Bridge app: Help > Report a problem.":["W celu szybszego rozwiązania problemu dokonaj zgłoszenia przez aplikację Bridge: Pomoc > Zgłoś problem."],"Information":["Informacje"]},"SupportForm:option":{"Account Security":["Bezpieczeństwo konta"],"Contacts":["Kontakty"],"Custom email domain":["Niestandardowa domena e-mail"],"Email delivery and Spam":["Dostarczanie wiadomości e-mail i spam"],"Encryption":["Szyfrowanie"],"Login and password":["Login i hasło"],"Merge aliases and accounts":["Scalanie aliasów i kont"],"Migrate to Proton":["Migracja do Proton"],"Notifications":["Powiadomienia"],"Other":["Inne"],"Plans and billing":["Plany i rozliczenia"],"Proton for Business":["Proton for Business"],"Sign up":["Rejestracja"],"Storage":["Przestrzeń dyskowa"],"Users, addresses, and identities":["Użytkownicy, adresy i tożsamości"]},"SupportForm:optionIntro":{"Select a topic":["Wybierz temat"]},"swiss_baseed_feature":{"Swiss based":["Ulokowany w Szwajcarii"]},"Testimonial":{"Awards":["Nagrody"],"Customers":["Klienci"],"Featured":["Wyróżnione"],"Go to testimonial source":["Przejdź do źródła referencji"],"Reviews":["Opinie"],"Videos":["Pliki wideo"]},"Text":{"If you need help, check out our ${ supportLink }.":["Jeśli potrzebujesz pomocy, sprawdź naszą ${ supportLink }."],"The page you’re looking for might have been removed, or it could be an\nold link.":["Strona, której szukasz, mogła zostać usunięta lub link jest przestarzały."]},"Title":{"On this page":["Na tej stronie"],"Related articles":["Powiązane artykuły"],"Share ${ thisPage }":["Udostępnij ${ thisPage }"],"Thank you!":["Dziękujemy!"],"this page":["tę stronę"]},"Tooltip":{"More information":["Więcej informacji"]},"tooltip_vpn":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES }+ countries, highest VPN speed, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } VPN connections, worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Uzyskaj dostęp do zablokowanych treści i przeglądaj prywatnie Internet. Obejmuje ponad ${ TOTAL_VPN_SERVERS } serwerów w ponad ${ TOTAL_VPN_COUNTRIES } krajach, najwyższe prędkości VPN, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } połączeń VPN, usługi streamingu na całym świecie, blokowanie reklam oraz złośliwego oprogramowania i wiele więcej."]},"version_history_label":{"Version history":["Historia wersji"]},"version_history_tooltip":{"Store up to ${ versionHistoryNumber } versions of each file for up to ${ years } years":["Przechowuj do ${ versionHistoryNumber } wersji każdego pliku do ${ years } lat"]}}},"base":"blog","unleashApi":"https://account.proton.me/api","cdn":{"url":"https://pmecdn.protonweb.com/","enabled":"true"}};
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If you’re comparing different password managers or researching password security, you’ll quickly run into terms like hashing and salting. While these terms might sound like steps you take to make breakfast potatoes, they’re actually processes that are essential to securing any online account.
This article explains what password hashing and salting mean, how they work, and why they’re necessary.
Hashing is a way to scramble information into a fixed-length string of letters and numbers. You can take unencrypted information, be it a password, image, or entire book, and feed it into a hash function, which turns that information into a hash value with a specific number of characters. For example, SHA-256, one of the most common hash functions, always creates 256-bit (32-byte) hash values.
Besides creating a fixed-length product, there are two other things that distinguish hashing from standard encryption. Hashing is:
Irreversible — You cannot “unhash” (or regenerate the original information) a hash value no matter what you do.
Deterministic — If you enter the same input information into a hash function, it will return the same hash value every time.
Unpredictable — It should be almost impossible to guess its resulting hash value for any given input information. In fact, if you can take a hash value and easily guess or create the input that would generate that hash value, then that hash function should be considered vulnerable and avoided.
These three characteristics make hashing a good way to securely store and verify passwords.
Hashing, password storage, and password authentication
When you create a new online account, you invariably provide a username (usually your email address) and create a password. This lets the service know who you are and verify that it’s actually you.
But the password creates a tricky problem for service providers. They essentially have three options. They can store your password in plaintext, encrypted, or hashed.
It doesn’t take a cybersecurity expert to see the problems with storing passwords in plaintext. This would let the service access your account whenever it wants, and your password would be exposed if there was ever a breach.
Encryption also doesn’t work. If a service encrypts a password using keys it controls, it can still access your password whenever (and potentially expose it in a breach). And it can’t encrypt your password using a key it doesn’t control (a key that’s on your device, for example) because that doesn’t allow it to verify that your password is correct when you log in.
Hashing is a good compromise. Because hashing is irreversible, services can store your password and assure its users that it can’t access their accounts and that their passwords will be safe in a breach.
And because hashing is deterministic, a service can verify a password by comparing the two hash values. If the hash values match, the service knows the input information (the passwords) match, even if the service doesn’t know what the actual password is.
It’s a clever system, but hashing has an issue with predictability. If you assume that one of the most common passwords for any service will be “password”. With this information, you can probably find the accounts that use “password” simply by looking at the most repeated hash values.
In fact, there is a cyberattack devoted to cracking hashes using so-called rainbow tables, which compile hashes and try to make sense of the rules governing them in large tables. They’re effective exactly because hashes are predictable.
Password salting
To minimize a hash function’s predictability, programmers use salting. Salting is a technique that takes the predictable hash function and adds some extra “flavor” — hence the term “salt” — in the form of unpredictability. A salt is a short set of random characters added to each password before it’s hashed.
What makes a salt special is that each one is unique to each user. If you create a password with a service, it’s assigned a salt that nobody else has. If you change your password, some services will use a new salt to go with it. This essentially ensures that no password (and therefore, no hash value) is ever repeated as long as a new, random salt value is used for each new password.
This makes the task of any would-be attacker a lot harder. Their rainbow tables are useless since salting makes the hash values unpredictable. All that remains is to make sure that your password is random enough to deter any dictionary attacks.
How we secure passwords at Proton
At Proton, we put our users’ privacy and security first. We never send your password to our servers, relying instead on the Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol. SRP allows a user to authenticate themselves to a server (and vice versa) by proving that they know the password without sharing the password itself or any information that an attacker could use to derive the password (like a hash sum, for example). Your password remains secure on your device.
We do use hashing and salting, but for your account keys. Once you successfully log in, Proton sends your account keys to your client. Your client then salts and hashes your password using bcrypt and uses the resulting hash value as the key to decrypt your account key. Once your account key is decrypted, it can then be used to access your emails, calendars, etc. This process happens locally on your device so your password and hash never leaves it.
You can extend this level of protection to your other accounts as well with Proton Pass, our end-to-end encrypted password manager.
As you can read in our full breakdown of the Proton Pass security model, we end-to-end encrypt your passwords individually as well as the vaults where you store them, preventing anyone, including us, from being able to see your items at any point in the transfer process.
We can offer this kind of enhanced security because we’re funded entirely by you, our users. Without shareholders or venture capital investors to worry about, we can focus on developing tools that offer the very best in security and usability without cutting costs or corners. The result is a service that puts you first, whether it’s having the best encryption technology or offering a best-in-class interface. If that sounds like something you would like to try for yourself, join Proton Pass today.
Cyberattacks aren’t always executed through sophisticated methods like
man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks on public WiFi. Sometimes, they rely on
something as simple as looking over your shoulder.
Shoulder surfing attacks are when someone watches you
Proton prioritizes our community’s privacy and data security in every aspect of
our business.
To further demonstrate our commitment, we underwent a rigorous external audit
and – on May 2, 2024 – received our ISO 27001 certification.
As an organiz
Anyone with an iPhone can now enjoy Proton Drive’s secure and private photo
backup capabilities. This feature is gradually rolling out to the Proton
community and will be available to everyone by the end of this week.
Smartphones have made us all am
From the very beginning, Proton has always been a different type of
organization. This was probably evident from the way in which we got started via
a public crowdfunding campaign that saw 10,000 people donate over $500,000 to
launch development. As
Your online data is valuable. While it might feel like you’re browsing the web
for free, you’re actually paying marketing companies with your personal
information. Often, even when you pay for services, these companies still
collect and profit from y
Password spraying attacks pose a major risk to individuals and organizations as
a method to breach network security by trying commonly used passwords across
numerous accounts.
This article explores password spraying attacks, explaining their methods