all-in-one privacy solution":["Proton Unlimited est une solution tout-en-un respectueuse de la vie privée"],"Black Friday":["Black Friday"],"No ads. Privacy by default.":["Aucune publicité, le respect de la vie privée comme règle absolue"],"People before profits":["Les individus passent avant les profits"],"Security through transparency":["Notre engagement de transparence"],"The best Proton Mail ${ BLACK_FRIDAY } deals":["Les meilleures offres ${ BLACK_FRIDAY } de Proton Mail"],"The world’s only community- supported email service":["La seule messagerie au monde soutenue par la communauté"]},"specialoffer:limited":{"${ hours } hour":["${ hours } heure","${ hours } heures"],"${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft } and ${ secondsLeft } left":["Temps restant : ${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft }, ${ secondsLeft }"],"${ minutes } minute":["${ minutes } minute","${ minutes } minutes"],"${ seconds } second":["${ seconds } seconde","${ seconds } secondes"],"Limited time offer":["Offre à durée limitée"]},"specialoffer:listitem":{"Create multiple addresses":["Créez plusieurs adresses"],"Hide-my-email aliases":["Alias « hide-my-email »"],"Quickly unsubscribe from newsletters":["Désabonnez-vous rapidement des newsletters"],"Use your own domain name":["Utilisez votre propre nom de domaine"]},"specialoffer:logos":{"As featured in":["Ils en parlent"]},"specialoffer:metadescription":{"Get an encrypted email that protects your privacy":["Choisissez une messagerie électronique chiffrée qui protège votre vie privée"]},"specialoffer:metatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday Sale - Up to 40% off":["Offre Proton Mail Black Friday - Jusqu'à 40 % de réduction"]},"specialoffer:newmetadescription":{"Get up to 40% off Proton Mail subscriptions this Black Friday. Find great deals on our secure end-to-end encrypted email plans.":["Obtenez jusqu'à 40 % de réduction sur les abonnements Proton Mail à l'occasion du Black Friday. Profitez d'offres exceptionnelles sur nos abonnements de messagerie électronique sécurisée et chiffrée de bout en bout."]},"specialoffer:newmetatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday sale | Up to 40% off secure email":["Offre Black Friday Proton Mail | Jusqu'à 40 % de réduction"]},"specialoffer:note":{"* Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["* Facturé ${ TOTAL_SUM } pour la première année"],"*Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["*Facturé ${ TOTAL_SUM } pour les 2 premières années"],"30-day money-back guarantee":["Garantie satisfait ou remboursé pendant 30 jours"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["Facturé ${ TOTAL_SUM } pour les 2 premières années"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["Facturé ${ TOTAL_SUM } pour la première année"],"You save ${ SAVE_SUM }":["Vous économisez ${ SAVE_SUM }"]},"specialoffer:off":{"${ DISCOUNT } off":["-${ DISCOUNT }"],"${ PERCENT_OFF } off":["-${ PERCENT_OFF }"]},"specialoffer:testimonial":{"I love my ProtonMail":["J'adore mon ProtonMail"],"My favorite email service":["Ma messagerie électronique préférée"],"Thanks Proton for keeping us all safe in the complicated internet universe.":["Merci Proton de nous garder en sécurité dans l'univers complexe d'internet."],"You get what you pay for. In the case of big tech, if you pay nothing, you get used. I quit using Gmail and switched to @ProtonMail":["Vous avez ce pour quoi vous payez. Avec les Big Tech, si vous ne payez rien, vous êtes utilisé. J'ai arrêté d'utiliser Gmail et je suis passée @ProtonMail"]},"specialoffer:time":{"Days":["Jours"],"Hours":["Heures"],"Min":["Min"]},"specialoffer:title":{"And much more":["Avec en plus"],"Make your inbox yours":["Votre boite de réception sur mesure"],"Safe from trackers":["À l'abri des traqueurs"],"Stay organized":["Bien organisé"],"Black Friday email deals":["Offres Black Friday pour la messagerie électronique"],"Don’t just take our word for it":["Ce qu'en disent nos utilisateurs"],"Our story":["Notre histoire"],"Transfer your data from Google in one click":["Transférez vos données depuis Google en un clic"]},"specialoffer:tooltip":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES }+ countries, connect up to 10 devices, access worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Accédez aux contenus bloqués et naviguez en toute confidentialité. Comprend plus de ${ TOTAL_SERVERS } serveurs répartis dans plus de ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES } pays, la possibilité de connecter jusqu'à 10 appareils, l'accès aux services de streaming dans le monde entier, un bloqueur de logiciels malveillants et de publicités et d'autres fonctionnalités."],"Easily share your calendar with your family, friends or colleagues, and view external calendars.":["Partagez facilement votre calendrier avec votre famille, vos amis ou collègues et consultez des calendriers externes."],"Includes support for 1 custom email domain, 10 email addresses, 10 hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["Comprend la prise en charge de 1 domaine de messagerie personnalisé, de 10 adresses e-mail, de 10 alias « hide-my-email », du partage de calendriers et bien d'autres fonctionnalités."],"Includes support for 3 custom email domains, 15 email addresses, unlimited hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["Comprend la prise en charge de 3 domaines de messagerie personnalisés, de 15 adresses e-mail, d'un nombre illimité d'alias « hide-my-email », du partage de calendriers et bien d'autres fonctionnalités."],"Manage up to 25 calendars, mobile apps, secured with end-to-end encryption, 1-click calendar import from Google, and more.":["Jusqu'à 25 calendriers, des applications mobiles, la sécurité avec le chiffrement de bout en bout, l'importation de calendrier en un clic depuis Google..."]},"Status Banner":{"At the moment we are experiencing issues with the Proton VPN service":["Nous rencontrons actuellement des problèmes avec le service Proton VPN."],"Learn more":["En savoir plus"]},"Status banner":{"Learn more":["En savoir plus"],"Please note that at the moment we are experiencing issues with the ${ issues[0] } service.":["Nous rencontrons actuellement des problèmes avec le service ${ issues[0] }."],"We are experiencing issues with one or more services at the moment.":["Nous rencontrons actuellement des problèmes avec un ou plusieurs services."]},"suggestions":{"Suggestions":["Suggestions"]},"Support":{"Sub category":["Sous-catégorie","Sous-catégories"]},"Support article":{"${ readingTime } min":["${ readingTime } minute","${ readingTime } minutes"],"Category":["Catégorie","Catégories"],"Didn’t find what you were looking for?":["Vous ne trouvez pas ce que vous cherchez ?"],"General contact":["Contact - Général"],"Get help":["Obtenir de l'aide"],"Legal contact":["Contact - Juridique"],"Media contact":["Contact - Média"],"Partnerships contact":["Contact - Partenariats"],"Reading":["Lecture"]},"Support categories":{"Browse Proton product support":["Parcourez le support produit Proton"]},"Support category":{"There is no article in this category yet.":["Il n'y a pas encore d'article dans cette catégorie."]},"Support troubleshooting":{"--- Select ---":["--- Sélectionner ---"],"Adding and importing contacts":["Ajouter et importer des contacts"],"App version":["Version de l'application"],"Automatically save contacts":["Enregistrer automatiquement les contacts"],"Bridge connection issues with Outlook, Apple Mail or Thunderbird":["Problèmes de connexion avec Outlook, Apple Mail ou Thunderbird"],"Browser":["Navigateur"],"Check if this helps":["Vérifiez si cela vous aide."],"Choose a category for your question":["Choisissez une catégorie pour votre question"],"Connectivity errors on Android and iOS":["Erreurs de connectivité sur Android et iOS"],"Contacts":["Contacts"],"Custom domain":["Domaine personnalisé"],"Desktop notifications":["Notifications de bureau"],"Did this solve your issue ?":["Cela a-t-il résolu votre problème ?"],"Difference between Combined Addresses Mode and Split Addresses Mode":["Différence entre le mode Adresses combinées et le mode Adresses fractionnées"],"Differences between addresses, aliases, and sub-users":["Différences entre les adresses, les alias et les sous-utilisateurs"],"Email notifications":["Notifications par e-mail"],"Email tracking protection":["Protection contre le suivi des messages (tracking)"],"Encryption":["Chiffrement"],"Encryption keys management":["Gestion des clés de chiffrement"],"Faster assistance is just a few clicks away — please make your selections":["Il suffit de quelques clics pour obtenir une assistance plus rapide, faites votre sélection."],"How to avoid receiving spam messages":["Ne pas recevoir de messages indésirables/spam"],"How to block unwanted email":["Bloquer les messages indésirables"],"How to configure your email client for Bridge":["Configurer son client de messagerie pour Bridge"],"How to create contact groups":["Créer des groupes de contacts"],"How to create or edit CSV contacts":["Créer ou modifier des contacts CSV"],"How to install Proton Mail Bridge":["Installer Proton Mail Bridge"],"How to merge duplicate contacts":["Fusionner les contacts en double"],"How to send encrypted messages to external users":["Envoyer des messages chiffrés à des utilisateurs qui n'utilisent pas Proton"],"How to set up a custom domain":["Créer un domaine personnalisé"],"How to unsubscribe from Apple’s TestFlight notification emails":["Se désabonner des messages de notification TestFlight d'Apple"],"How to use auto-reply":["Utiliser la réponse automatique"],"How to use filters":["Utiliser les filtres"],"How to use folders and labels":["Utiliser les dossiers et les labels"],"How to use PGP encryption":["Utiliser le chiffrement PGP"],"Invalid password error while setting email client for Bridge":["Erreur de mot de passe non valide pendant la configuration du client de messagerie pour Bridge"],"Login security notification alerts":["Notifications d'alerte de sécurité concernant la connexion"],"Manage mailbox appearance":["Gérer l'apparence de la messagerie"],"Mobile connectivity and synchronization":["Connectivité et synchronisation des appareils mobiles"],"No, contact support":["Non, contacter le support"],"Notifications":["Notifications"],"Other":["Autre"],"Problems with deleting messages":["Problèmes liés à la suppression des messages"],"Problems with moving messages":["Problèmes liés au déplacement des messages"],"Problems with read/unread message status":["Problèmes avec le statut « Lu/Non lu » des messages"],"Proton Mail Bridge":["Proton Mail Bridge"],"Proton Mail settings":["Paramètres Proton Mail"],"Push notifications not arriving":["Notifications push qui n'arrivent pas"],"Sending and receiving messages":["Envoyer et recevoir des messages"],"Sending and receiving messages limitations":["Limitations de l'envoi et de la réception de messages"],"Sending and receiving troubleshooting":["Dépannage pour l'envoi et la réception"],"Spam filtering, Allow and Block lists":["Filtrage des messages indésirables/spam, listes d'adresses autorisées et bloquées"],"Sub-users and organizations":["Sous-utilisateurs et organisations"],"Thank you for your feedback":["Nous vous remercions pour votre commentaire."],"Troubleshooting":["Dépannage"],"Verify custom domain records & anti-spoofing":["Vérifier les enregistrements de domaines personnalisés et l'anti-spoofing (usurpation d’identité)"],"What can we help with ?":["Comment pouvons-nous vous aider ?"],"What if your domain records fail (TXT, MX, SPF, DKIM, DMARC)":["Que faire si vos enregistrements de domaine échouent (TXT, MX, SPF, DKIM, DMARC) ?"],"What is encrypted on Proton Mail":["Ce qui est chiffré sur Proton Mail"],"Yes":["Oui"]},"support_modal_search_query":{"How to use a custom domain?":["Utiliser un domaine personnalisé"],"Search query":["Recherche"]},"support_modal_search_result":{"Search result":["Résultat de recherche"]},"support_modal_title":{"Blog search":["Recherche dans le blog"],"Support search":["Recherche dans la section support"]},"support_search_button":{"Search":["Rechercher"]},"support_search_i_am_looking_for":{"I'm looking for":["Je recherche des informations sur..."]},"SupportForm":{"For a faster resolution, please report the issue from the Bridge app: Help > Report a problem.":["Pour que le problème soit résolu plus rapidement, vous pouvez le signaler à partir de l'application Bridge : Aide > Signaler un bug."],"Information":["Informations"]},"SupportForm:option":{"Account Security":["Sécurité du compte"],"Contacts":["Contacts"],"Custom email domain":["Domaine de messagerie personnalisé"],"Email delivery and Spam":["Distribution des messages et indésirables/spam"],"Encryption":["Chiffrement"],"Login and password":["Identifiant et mot de passe"],"Merge aliases and accounts":["Fusion des alias et des comptes"],"Migrate to Proton":["Migration vers Proton"],"Notifications":["Notifications"],"Other":["Autre"],"Plans and billing":["Abonnements et facturation"],"Proton for Business":["Proton for Business"],"Sign up":["Inscription"],"Storage":["Espace de stockage"],"Users, addresses, and identities":["Utilisateurs, adresses et identités"]},"SupportForm:optionIntro":{"Select a topic":["Choisissez un sujet"]},"swiss_baseed_feature":{"Swiss based":["Basé en Suisse"]},"Testimonial":{"Awards":["Récompenses"],"Customers":["Clients"],"Featured":["Ils en parlent"],"Go to testimonial source":["Accéder aux commentaires"],"Reviews":["Avis"],"Videos":["Vidéos"]},"Text":{"Find the plan that's right for you":["Trouvez l'abonnement adapté à vos besoins"],"If you need help, check out our ${ supportLink }.":["Si vous avez besoin d'aide, consultez notre ${ supportLink }."],"The page you’re looking for might have been removed, or it could be an\nold link.":["La page recherchée a peut-être été retirée ou le lien utilisé n'est plus valide."]},"Title":{"On this page":["Sur cette page"],"Related articles":["Articles similaires"],"Share ${ thisPage }":["Partagez ${ thisPage }"],"Thank you!":["Merci !"],"this page":["cette page"]},"Tooltip":{"More information":["Plus d'informations"]},"tooltip_calendar":{"Create up to 20 custom & shareable encrypted calendars. On top of that, add up to 5 calendars from friends, family, colleagues, and organizations.":["Créez jusqu'à 20 calendriers chiffrés personnalisés et partageables. Ajoutez jusqu'à 5 calendriers d'amis, de membres de votre famille, de collègues ou d'organisations."]},"tooltip_vpn":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES }+ countries, highest VPN speed, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } VPN connections, worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Accédez aux contenus bloqués et naviguez en toute confidentialité. Comprend plus de ${ TOTAL_SERVERS } serveurs répartis dans plus de ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES } pays, la vitesse VPN la plus élevée, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } connexions VPN, l'accès aux services de streaming dans le monde entier, un bloqueur de logiciels malveillants et de publicités et d'autres fonctionnalités."],"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES }+ countries, highest VPN speed, 10 VPN connections, worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Accédez aux contenus bloqués et naviguez en toute confidentialité. Comprend plus de ${ TOTAL_SERVERS } serveurs répartis dans plus de ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES } pays, la vitesse VPN la plus élevée, 10 connexions VPN, l'accès aux services de streaming dans le monde entier, un bloqueur de logiciels malveillants et de publicités et d'autres fonctionnalités."]},"version_history_label":{"Version history":["Historique des versions"]},"version_history_tooltip":{"Store up to ${ versionHistoryNumber } versions of each file for up to ${ years } years":["Conservez jusqu'à ${ versionHistoryNumber } versions de chaque fichier pendant ${ years } ans."]},"VideoModal":{"Get started in 2 minutes":["Commencez en 2 minutes"]},"videosButtonLabel":{"Get started with videos":["Commencer avec des vidéos"]},"vpn_features_link":{"View VPN plans":["Voir les abonnements VPN"]},"vpn_features_useCase":{"Access blocked content and browse privately":["Accédez aux contenus bloqués et naviguez en toute confidentialité"]}}},"unleashApi":"https://account.proton.me/api"};
// We need to import data (the framework context) from the server
// This Astro feature with define:vars works well but creates an inline script
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window.frameworkContext = frameworkContext;
})();
This article documents Proton Drive’s security model by showing how it uses end-to-end encryption to protect your sensitive data. While somewhat technical, this document is meant to be accessible to a general audience and attempts to explain how Proton Drive works in plain language.
Proton Drive is the newest addition to the Proton encrypted ecosystem. It offers secure online storage space for our users’ photos, documents, and other files with the same focus on privacy and security as the other Proton products.
Proton Drive’s design is based on end-to-end encryption. This model prevents any attacker who gains access to one of our servers from:
viewing or changing the contents of your files
viewing or changing the file names
adding new files and attributing them to you
modifying the file structure without your knowledge
With this in mind, our goal is to ensure that the presence of encryption does not hinder the user in any way from seamlessly:
uploading, downloading, and previewing files
organizing their Proton Drive content into folder hierarchies
moving, renaming, and deleting files and folders
Data model
All content in Proton Drive lives inside a volume, an allotted amount of storage space, with each user having their own private volume. In the future, Proton Drive will allow administrators to create a volume for their organization and to offer access to members of the organization.
Each file and folder in Proton Drive is described by two entities:
a node — this keeps track of the entry’s metadata (for example, type, size, creation, and modification time) and its attributes
a link — this identifies the entry’s position in the folder tree. The link indicates the entry’s location by referencing the parent entry and by storing the name of the entry.
This model, similar to the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) file system model, facilitates communication and synchronization between Proton Drive and the file systems on your device and will support the app on desktop and notebook in the future. In the case of files, the associated node also references the file content, which is split into multiple blocks, each with a maximum size of 4 MB.
Access
Accessing a volume is always done using a piece of information known as a share. A share can be seen as a kind of access card that provides a user with certain permissions and access to a specific part of the folder tree. A share, thus, has three functions:
It references a link in the tree
It limits the operations that can be performed on the content (ex: read-only, write-only, etc.)
It carries the cryptographic material required to start the decryption process of the content
Each volume has a default share, corresponding to the root of its folder tree without any permission restriction.
Multiple users can be members of a share, and each membership can have its own permissions (admin, read, or write). This enables sharing content between Proton users or between members of an organization. A different method for sharing content with people without a Proton account is described in a later section.
Main encryption model
In this section, we describe the way content is encrypted in Proton Drive. While there are many similarities with the ProtonCalendar encryption model(new window), the difference lies in Proton Drive’s hierarchical content structure, in which folder trees can have different depths. This means the decryption steps are repeated at each level of the tree.
All keys and passphrases are generated on the client’s side and only transmitted to the server in encrypted form. Similarly, file and folder names, as well as file contents, are only sent to the server in encrypted form, making it impossible even for Proton to decrypt any of these entities.
Accessing shares
Proton users with multiple Proton Mail email addresses can have multiple email addresses associated with their Proton Drive account. Each address has an associated key that allows the account owner to access a share when they become a member.
When the share is created, the encryption system generates a 32-byte random share passphrase, along with an asymmetric key (the share key). The share key is locked using the share passphrase, which is encrypted and signed with the user’s address key(new window).
In the case of multiple share members, the share passphrase is encrypted with each member’s address key.
Payload encryption
The PGP encryption method(new window) allows using multiple asymmetric keys or passwords to encrypt a payload. PGP begins the encryption process by generating a new symmetric session key, which is a random passphrase of sufficient length. The session key is used to encrypt the payload, producing the data packet.
The next step is to encrypt the session key, in turn, with each asymmetric key and each password provided by the user, resulting in multiple key packets. Each asymmetric key or password can decrypt its corresponding key packet and use the session key within to then decrypt the data packet. (See figure 5)
Allowing a new key (i.e., a new user) to decrypt the payload is a simple operation that doesn’t alter the data packet — only the session key needs to be encrypted again with the new key, producing a new key packet.
Files and folders are arranged in a tree structure. Therefore, there is a recurring pattern where a file or folder’s asymmetric key is locked with a passphrase, which in turn is encrypted with the asymmetric key of their parent folder. All passphrases are signed with the address key of the user, without which a malicious server could forge the contents of the tree.
Node encryption
For each node in the tree, whether a file or a folder, an asymmetric key and passphrase are also generated — the node key and passphrase. The node passphrase is encrypted with the parent folder’s node key (if the current node is not a volume root) or with a share key, if the current node represents a share root.
The file or folder name is also encrypted with the parent folder’s node key. As mentioned earlier, files are stored in blocks, where each block is at most 4 MB in size and is encrypted with the file’s node key. The blocks’ content hashes that mask the original content through encryption are linked in succession and the resulting string is signed with the address key of the uploader. This mechanism protects against a malicious or compromised server forging the contents of files.
The explanation so far covers the main points of the security model: encrypting and verifying stored content and sharing content between Proton users.
Sharing by URL
Our users may wish to share a file located in a Proton Drive volume with someone who doesn’t have a Proton account. This can be done in a read-only manner through a mechanism that prevents Proton from accessing the shared content.
The method we developed is based on the web client generating secure URLs, which allow access to the contents of specific files. The URLs are password-protected, and having both the URL and the password gives access to the shared content. While the Proton server will know the URL, it will never receive the password.
When creating a new shareable URL for a file, the web client will first confirm that a share directing to the file exists. The passphrase of this share must then be encrypted with the new password associated with the URL. This new password is either randomly generated by the Proton Drive client, or is specified by the user.
In the case of randomly generated passwords, the user can choose whether they want to include it at the end of the URL, equivalent to sharing the content publicly. This section of the URL isn’t shared with Proton servers, making the password and the content inaccessible to Proton. Alternatively, the user can choose to share the password separately.
In the case of user-defined passwords, this option isn’t available and the password must always be communicated separately.
As a final step, the client makes a request to the server to create a new shareable URL, providing the new encrypted key packet of the share passphrase. The server stores the encrypted key packet and returns to the client a unique random URL for accessing the shared content.
When the URL is accessed, the server will return the encrypted payload needed to access the shared content. Only by knowing the URL password can the payload be decrypted and the shared file be accessed.
This is a simplified description which captures the central principle of the design. The actual implementation includes mechanisms to prevent the repeated abusive access of the URLs. It also offers the ability to set an expiration time for the URLs or to limit the number of times the URLs can be accessed.
Conclusion
In this article we described the security model of Proton Drive, which is designed to protect users’ data from malicious actors while offering the same ease of use as a non-end-to-end encrypted cloud storage service. As always, comments and suggestions are welcome, and security researchers can reach us at security@proton.me with comments or questions.
Best Regards, The Proton Team
This post was authored by Proton Drive technical lead Radu Popescu.
Proton Mail and Proton VPN are funded by community contributions. If you would like to support our development efforts, you can upgrade to a paid plan(new window) or donate(new window). Thank you for your support.
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