all-in-one privacy solution":["Proton Unlimited ist eine All-in-One-Datenschutzlösung"],"Black Friday":["Black Friday"],"No ads. Privacy by default.":["Keine Werbung. Privatsphäre als Standard."],"People before profits":["Menschen sind uns wichtiger als Gewinne"],"Security through transparency":["Sicherheit durch Transparenz"],"The best Proton Mail ${ BLACK_FRIDAY } deals":["Die besten Proton Mail-Angebote zum ${ BLACK_FRIDAY }"],"The world’s only community- supported email service":["Der weltweit einzige von der Community unterstützte E-Mail-Dienst"]},"specialoffer:limited":{"${ hours } hour":["${ hours } Stunde","${ hours } Stunden"],"${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft } and ${ secondsLeft } left":["Nur noch ${ hoursLeft }, ${ minutesLeft } und ${ secondsLeft }"],"${ minutes } minute":["${ minutes } Minute","${ minutes } Minuten"],"${ seconds } second":["${ seconds } Sekunde","${ seconds } Sekunden"],"Limited time offer":["Zeitlich befristetes Angebot"]},"specialoffer:listitem":{"Create multiple addresses":["Erstelle mehrere Adressen"],"Hide-my-email aliases":["Hide-my-email-Aliase"],"Quickly unsubscribe from newsletters":["Newsletter schnell abbestellen"],"Use your own domain name":["Verwende deine eigene Domain"]},"specialoffer:logos":{"As featured in":["Vorgestellt in"]},"specialoffer:metadescription":{"Get an encrypted email that protects your privacy":["Nutze einen verschlüsselte E-Mail-Dienst, der deine Privatsphäre schützt"]},"specialoffer:metatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday Sale - Up to 40% off":["Proton Mail Black Friday-Angebot – Bis zu 40 % Rabatt"]},"specialoffer:newmetadescription":{"Get up to 40% off Proton Mail subscriptions this Black Friday. Find great deals on our secure end-to-end encrypted email plans.":["Erhalte an diesem Black Friday bis zu 40 % Rabatt auf Proton Mail-Abonnements. Mache tolle Schnäppchen bei unseren sicheren, Ende-zu-Ende-verschlüsselten E-Mail-Abonnements."]},"specialoffer:newmetatitle":{"Proton Mail Black Friday sale | Up to 40% off secure email":["Proton Mail-Black-Friday-Angebot | Bis zu 40 % Rabatt auf sichere E-Mails"]},"specialoffer:note":{"* Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["* Zum Preis von ${ TOTAL_SUM } im ersten Jahr"],"*Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["*Zum Preis von ${ TOTAL_SUM } in den ersten zwei Jahren"],"30-day money-back guarantee":["30-tägige Geld-zurück-Garantie"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first 2 years":["Zum Preis von ${ TOTAL_SUM } in den ersten zwei Jahren"],"Billed at ${ TOTAL_SUM } for the first year":["Zum Preis von ${ TOTAL_SUM } im ersten Jahr"],"You save ${ SAVE_SUM }":["Du sparst ${ SAVE_SUM }"]},"specialoffer:off":{"${ DISCOUNT } off":["− ${ DISCOUNT }"],"${ PERCENT_OFF } off":["− ${ PERCENT_OFF }"]},"specialoffer:testimonial":{"I love my ProtonMail":["Ich liebe mein ProtonMail"],"My favorite email service":["Mein Lieblings-E-Mail-Dienst"],"Thanks Proton for keeping us all safe in the complicated internet universe.":["Danke Proton, dass du uns alle im komplizierten Internet-Universum beschützt."],"You get what you pay for. In the case of big tech, if you pay nothing, you get used. I quit using Gmail and switched to @ProtonMail":["Du bekommst, wofür du bezahlst. Wenn du nichts bezahlst, wirst du bei der Nutzung von Big Tech ausgenutzt. Ich habe Gmail aufgegeben und bin zu @ProtonMail gewechselt"]},"specialoffer:time":{"Days":["Tage"],"Hours":["Stunden"],"Min":["Min."]},"specialoffer:title":{"And much more":["Und vieles mehr"],"Make your inbox yours":["Übernimm volle Kontrolle über deinen Posteingang"],"Safe from trackers":["Sicher vor Trackern"],"Stay organized":["Sorge für Ordnung"],"Black Friday email deals":["E-Mail-Angebote zum Black Friday"],"Don’t just take our word for it":["Verlasse dich nicht nur auf unser Wort"],"Our story":["Unsere Geschichte"],"Transfer your data from Google in one click":["Übertrage deine Daten von Google mit einem Klick"]},"specialoffer:tooltip":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES }+ countries, connect up to 10 devices, access worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Greife auf blockierte Inhalte zu und surfe privat. Umfasst ${ TOTAL_SERVERS } Server in über ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES } Ländern, die Verbindung \nvon bis zu 10 Geräten, weltweite Streaming-Dienste, Malware- und Werbeblocker und mehr."],"Easily share your calendar with your family, friends or colleagues, and view external calendars.":["Teile deinen Kalender ganz einfach mit Verwandten, Freunden oder Kollegen und rufe externe Kalender auf."],"Includes support for 1 custom email domain, 10 email addresses, 10 hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["Beinhaltet Unterstützung für eine eigene E-Mail-Domain, 10 E-Mail-Adressen, 10 „hide-my-email“-Aliasse, Kalenderfreigabe und mehr."],"Includes support for 3 custom email domains, 15 email addresses, unlimited hide-my-email aliases, calendar sharing, and more.":["Beinhaltet Unterstützung für 3 benutzerdefinierte E-Mail-Domänen, 15 E-Mail-Adressen, unbegrenzte „hide-my-email“-Aliase, Kalenderfreigabe und mehr."],"Manage up to 25 calendars, mobile apps, secured with end-to-end encryption, 1-click calendar import from Google, and more.":["Verwalte bis zu 25 Kalender, Ende zu Ende verschlüsselte mobile Apps, 1-Klick-Kalenderimporte von Google und vieles mehr."]},"Status Banner":{"At the moment we are experiencing issues with the Proton VPN service":["Im Moment gibt es Probleme mit dem Proton VPN-Dienst"],"Learn more":["Mehr erfahren"]},"Status banner":{"Learn more":["Mehr erfahren"],"Please note that at the moment we are experiencing issues with the ${ issues[0] } service.":["Bitte beachte, dass wir im Moment Probleme mit dem Dienst ${ issues[0] } haben."],"We are experiencing issues with one or more services at the moment.":["Im Moment gibt es Probleme mit einem oder mehreren Diensten."]},"suggestions":{"Suggestions":["Vorschläge"]},"Support":{"Sub category":["Unterkategorie","Unterkategorien"]},"Support article":{"${ readingTime } min":["${ readingTime } Min.","${ readingTime } Min."],"Category":["Kategorie","Kategorien"],"Didn’t find what you were looking for?":["Hast du nicht gefunden, wonach du gesucht hast?"],"General contact":["Allgemeiner Kontakt"],"Get help":["Hilfe erhalten"],"Legal contact":["Kontakt für Rechtliches"],"Media contact":["Kontakt für Medien"],"Partnerships contact":["Kontakt für Partnerschaften"],"Reading":["Lesen"]},"Support categories":{"Browse Proton product support":["Produkt-Support von Proton durchsuchen"]},"Support category":{"There is no article in this category yet.":["In dieser Kategorie gibt es noch keinen Artikel."]},"Support troubleshooting":{"--- Select ---":["--- Auswählen ---"],"Adding and importing contacts":["Hinzufügen und Importieren von Kontakten"],"App version":["App-Version"],"Automatically save contacts":["Kontakte automatisch speichern"],"Bridge connection issues with Outlook, Apple Mail or Thunderbird":["Bridge-Verbindungsprobleme mit Outlook, Apple Mail oder Thunderbird"],"Browser":["Browser"],"Check if this helps":["Schau, ob das hilft."],"Choose a category for your question":["Wähle eine Kategorie für deine Frage aus."],"Connectivity errors on Android and iOS":["Verbindungsfehler bei Android und iOS"],"Contacts":["Kontakte"],"Custom domain":["Eigene Domain"],"Desktop notifications":["Desktop-Benachrichtigungen"],"Did this solve your issue ?":["Hat dies dein Problem gelöst?"],"Difference between Combined Addresses Mode and Split Addresses Mode":["Unterschied zwischen kombiniertem Adressmodus und geteiltem Adressmodus"],"Differences between addresses, aliases, and sub-users":["Unterschiede zwischen Adressen, Aliassen und Unterbenutzern"],"Email notifications":["E-Mail-Benachrichtigungen"],"Email tracking protection":["E-Mail-Verfolgungsschutz"],"Encryption":["Verschlüsselung"],"Encryption keys management":["Verwaltung von Verschlüsselungsschlüsseln"],"Faster assistance is just a few clicks away — please make your selections":["Schnellere Hilfe ist nur ein paar Klicks entfernt. Bitte triff deine Auswahl"],"How to avoid receiving spam messages":["Wie vermeidet man Spam-Nachrichten?"],"How to block unwanted email":["Wie blockiert man unerwünschte E-Mails?"],"How to configure your email client for Bridge":["Wie konfigurierst du deinen E-Mail-Client für Bridge?"],"How to create contact groups":["Wie erstellt man Kontaktgruppen?"],"How to create or edit CSV contacts":["Wie erstellt oder bearbeitet man CSV-Kontakte?"],"How to install Proton Mail Bridge":["Wie installiert man Proton Mail Bridge?"],"How to merge duplicate contacts":["Wie führt man doppelte Kontakte zusammen?"],"How to send encrypted messages to external users":["Wie sendet man verschlüsselte Nachrichten an externe Benutzer?"],"How to set up a custom domain":["Wie richtet man eine eigene Domain ein?"],"How to unsubscribe from Apple’s TestFlight notification emails":["Wie meldet man sich von den TestFlight-E-Mail-Benachrichtigungen von Apple ab?"],"How to use auto-reply":["Wie verwendet man automatisches Antworten?"],"How to use filters":["Wie verwendet man Filter?"],"How to use folders and labels":["Wie verwendet man Ordner und Kategorien?"],"How to use PGP encryption":["Wie verwendet man PGP-Verschlüsselung?"],"Invalid password error while setting email client for Bridge":["Fehler wegen falschen Passworts beim Festlegen des E-Mail-Clients für Bridge"],"Login security notification alerts":["Benachrichtigungen zur Anmeldesicherheit"],"Manage mailbox appearance":["Postfach-Erscheinungsbild verwalten"],"Mobile connectivity and synchronization":["Mobile Verbindungen und Synchronisierung"],"No, contact support":["Nein, Support kontaktieren"],"Notifications":["Benachrichtigungen"],"Other":["Weitere"],"Problems with deleting messages":["Probleme beim Löschen von Nachrichten"],"Problems with moving messages":["Probleme beim Verschieben von Nachrichten"],"Problems with read/unread message status":["Probleme mit dem Nachrichtenstatus gelesen/ungelesen"],"Proton Mail Bridge":["Proton Mail Bridge"],"Proton Mail settings":["Einstellungen für Proton Mail"],"Push notifications not arriving":["Keine Push-Benachrichtigungen erhalten"],"Sending and receiving messages":["Senden und Empfangen von Nachrichten"],"Sending and receiving messages limitations":["Einschränkungen für das Senden und Empfangen von Nachrichten"],"Sending and receiving troubleshooting":["Fehlerbehebung beim Senden und Empfangen"],"Spam filtering, Allow and Block lists":["Spam-Filterung, Freigabe- und Sperrlisten"],"Sub-users and organizations":["Unterbenutzer und Organisationen"],"Thank you for your feedback":["Danke für dein Feedback"],"Troubleshooting":["Fehlerbehebung"],"Verify custom domain records & anti-spoofing":["Eigene Domain-Einträge verifizieren und Anti-Spoofing"],"What can we help with ?":["Wie können wir dir helfen?"],"What if your domain records fail (TXT, MX, SPF, DKIM, DMARC)":["Was, wenn deine Domain-Einträge (TXT, MX, SPF, DKIM, DMARC) fehlschlagen?"],"What is encrypted on Proton Mail":["Was wird bei Proton Mail verschlüsselt?"],"Yes":["Ja"]},"support_modal_search_query":{"How to use a custom domain?":["Wie verwendet man eine eigene Domain?"],"Search query":["Anfrage suchen"]},"support_modal_search_result":{"Search result":["Ergebnis der Suche"]},"support_modal_title":{"Blog search":["Blog-Suche"],"Support search":["Support-Suche"]},"support_search_button":{"Search":["Suchen"]},"support_search_i_am_looking_for":{"I'm looking for":["Ich suche"]},"SupportForm":{"For a faster resolution, please report the issue from the Bridge app: Help > Report a problem.":["Damit das Problem schneller gelöst werden kann, melde es bitte über die Bridge-App: Help > Report a problem (Hilfe > Problem melden)."],"Information":["Informationen"]},"SupportForm:option":{"Account Security":["Kontosicherheit"],"Contacts":["Kontakte"],"Custom email domain":["Benutzerdefinierte E-Mail-Domain"],"Email delivery and Spam":["E-Mail-Zustellung und Spam"],"Encryption":["Verschlüsselung"],"Login and password":["Anmeldung und Passwort"],"Merge aliases and accounts":["Zusammenführung von Aliassen und Konten"],"Migrate to Proton":["Migration zu Proton"],"Notifications":["Benachrichtigungen"],"Other":["Sonstiges"],"Plans and billing":["Abonnements und Abrechnung"],"Proton for Business":["Proton for Business"],"Sign up":["Registrierung"],"Storage":["Speicher"],"Users, addresses, and identities":["Benutzer, Adressen und Identitäten"]},"SupportForm:optionIntro":{"Select a topic":["Thema auswählen"]},"swiss_baseed_feature":{"Swiss based":["In der Schweiz ansässig"]},"Testimonial":{"Awards":["Auszeichnungen"],"Customers":["Kunden"],"Featured":["Empfohlen"],"Go to testimonial source":["Zur Referenzquelle wechseln"],"Reviews":["Bewertungen"],"Videos":["Videos"]},"Text":{"Find the plan that's right for you":["Finde das passende Abonnement"],"If you need help, check out our ${ supportLink }.":["Hilfe erhältst du in unserem ${ supportLink }."],"The page you’re looking for might have been removed, or it could be an\nold link.":["Die von dir gesuchte Seite wurde möglicherweise entfernt, oder es könnte sich um einen alten Link handeln."]},"Tooltip":{"More information":["Weitere Informationen"]},"tooltip_calendar":{"Create up to 20 custom & shareable encrypted calendars. On top of that, add up to 5 calendars from friends, family, colleagues, and organizations.":["Erstelle bis zu 20 benutzerdefinierte und teilbare verschlüsselte Kalender. Darüber hinaus kannst du bis zu 5 Kalender von Freunden, Familie, Kollegen und Organisationen hinzufügen."]},"tooltip_vpn":{"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES }+ countries, highest VPN speed, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } VPN connections, worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Greife auf blockierte Inhalte zu und surfe privat. Enthält über ${ TOTAL_SERVERS } Server in mehr als ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES } Ländern, höchste VPN-Geschwindigkeiten, ${ TOTAL_VPN_CONNECTIONS } VPN-Verbindungen, weltweite Streaming-Dienste, Malware- und Werbeblocker und mehr."],"Access blocked content and browse privately. Includes ${ TOTAL_SERVERS }+ servers in ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES }+ countries, highest VPN speed, 10 VPN connections, worldwide streaming services, malware and ad-blocker, and more.":["Greife auf blockierte Inhalte zu und surfe privat. Enthält über ${ TOTAL_SERVERS } Server in mehr als ${ TOTAL_COUNTRIES } Ländern, höchste VPN-Geschwindigkeiten, 10 VPN-Verbindungen, weltweite Streaming-Dienste, Malware- und Werbeblocker und mehr."]},"version_history_label":{"Version history":["Versionsverlauf"]},"version_history_tooltip":{"Store up to ${ versionHistoryNumber } versions of each file for up to ${ years } years":["Speichere bis zu ${ versionHistoryNumber } Versionen jeder Datei für einen Zeitraum von bis zu ${ years } Jahren"]},"VideoModal":{"Get started in 2 minutes":["In zwei Minuten loslegen"]},"videosButtonLabel":{"Get started with videos":["Mit Videos loslegen"]},"vpn_features_link":{"View VPN plans":["VPN-Abonnements anzeigen"]},"vpn_features_useCase":{"Access blocked content and browse privately":["Greife auf blockierte Inhalte zu und surfe privat"]}}},"unleashApi":"https://account.proton.me/api"};
// We need to import data (the framework context) from the server
// This Astro feature with define:vars works well but creates an inline script
// So we can't directly import the initFramework helper, we have to store the context
window.frameworkContext = frameworkContext;
})();
This article documents Proton Drive’s security model by showing how it uses end-to-end encryption to protect your sensitive data. While somewhat technical, this document is meant to be accessible to a general audience and attempts to explain how Proton Drive works in plain language.
Proton Drive is the newest addition to the Proton encrypted ecosystem. It offers secure online storage space for our users’ photos, documents, and other files with the same focus on privacy and security as the other Proton products.
Proton Drive’s design is based on end-to-end encryption. This model prevents any attacker who gains access to one of our servers from:
viewing or changing the contents of your files
viewing or changing the file names
adding new files and attributing them to you
modifying the file structure without your knowledge
With this in mind, our goal is to ensure that the presence of encryption does not hinder the user in any way from seamlessly:
uploading, downloading, and previewing files
organizing their Proton Drive content into folder hierarchies
moving, renaming, and deleting files and folders
Data model
All content in Proton Drive lives inside a volume, an allotted amount of storage space, with each user having their own private volume. In the future, Proton Drive will allow administrators to create a volume for their organization and to offer access to members of the organization.
Each file and folder in Proton Drive is described by two entities:
a node — this keeps track of the entry’s metadata (for example, type, size, creation, and modification time) and its attributes
a link — this identifies the entry’s position in the folder tree. The link indicates the entry’s location by referencing the parent entry and by storing the name of the entry.
This model, similar to the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) file system model, facilitates communication and synchronization between Proton Drive and the file systems on your device and will support the app on desktop and notebook in the future. In the case of files, the associated node also references the file content, which is split into multiple blocks, each with a maximum size of 4 MB.
Access
Accessing a volume is always done using a piece of information known as a share. A share can be seen as a kind of access card that provides a user with certain permissions and access to a specific part of the folder tree. A share, thus, has three functions:
It references a link in the tree
It limits the operations that can be performed on the content (ex: read-only, write-only, etc.)
It carries the cryptographic material required to start the decryption process of the content
Each volume has a default share, corresponding to the root of its folder tree without any permission restriction.
Multiple users can be members of a share, and each membership can have its own permissions (admin, read, or write). This enables sharing content between Proton users or between members of an organization. A different method for sharing content with people without a Proton account is described in a later section.
Main encryption model
In this section, we describe the way content is encrypted in Proton Drive. While there are many similarities with the ProtonCalendar encryption model(new window), the difference lies in Proton Drive’s hierarchical content structure, in which folder trees can have different depths. This means the decryption steps are repeated at each level of the tree.
All keys and passphrases are generated on the client’s side and only transmitted to the server in encrypted form. Similarly, file and folder names, as well as file contents, are only sent to the server in encrypted form, making it impossible even for Proton to decrypt any of these entities.
Accessing shares
Proton users with multiple Proton Mail email addresses can have multiple email addresses associated with their Proton Drive account. Each address has an associated key that allows the account owner to access a share when they become a member.
When the share is created, the encryption system generates a 32-byte random share passphrase, along with an asymmetric key (the share key). The share key is locked using the share passphrase, which is encrypted and signed with the user’s address key(new window).
In the case of multiple share members, the share passphrase is encrypted with each member’s address key.
Payload encryption
The PGP encryption method(new window) allows using multiple asymmetric keys or passwords to encrypt a payload. PGP begins the encryption process by generating a new symmetric session key, which is a random passphrase of sufficient length. The session key is used to encrypt the payload, producing the data packet.
The next step is to encrypt the session key, in turn, with each asymmetric key and each password provided by the user, resulting in multiple key packets. Each asymmetric key or password can decrypt its corresponding key packet and use the session key within to then decrypt the data packet. (See figure 5)
Allowing a new key (i.e., a new user) to decrypt the payload is a simple operation that doesn’t alter the data packet — only the session key needs to be encrypted again with the new key, producing a new key packet.
Files and folders are arranged in a tree structure. Therefore, there is a recurring pattern where a file or folder’s asymmetric key is locked with a passphrase, which in turn is encrypted with the asymmetric key of their parent folder. All passphrases are signed with the address key of the user, without which a malicious server could forge the contents of the tree.
Node encryption
For each node in the tree, whether a file or a folder, an asymmetric key and passphrase are also generated — the node key and passphrase. The node passphrase is encrypted with the parent folder’s node key (if the current node is not a volume root) or with a share key, if the current node represents a share root.
The file or folder name is also encrypted with the parent folder’s node key. As mentioned earlier, files are stored in blocks, where each block is at most 4 MB in size and is encrypted with the file’s node key. The blocks’ content hashes that mask the original content through encryption are linked in succession and the resulting string is signed with the address key of the uploader. This mechanism protects against a malicious or compromised server forging the contents of files.
The explanation so far covers the main points of the security model: encrypting and verifying stored content and sharing content between Proton users.
Sharing by URL
Our users may wish to share a file located in a Proton Drive volume with someone who doesn’t have a Proton account. This can be done in a read-only manner through a mechanism that prevents Proton from accessing the shared content.
The method we developed is based on the web client generating secure URLs, which allow access to the contents of specific files. The URLs are password-protected, and having both the URL and the password gives access to the shared content. While the Proton server will know the URL, it will never receive the password.
When creating a new shareable URL for a file, the web client will first confirm that a share directing to the file exists. The passphrase of this share must then be encrypted with the new password associated with the URL. This new password is either randomly generated by the Proton Drive client, or is specified by the user.
In the case of randomly generated passwords, the user can choose whether they want to include it at the end of the URL, equivalent to sharing the content publicly. This section of the URL isn’t shared with Proton servers, making the password and the content inaccessible to Proton. Alternatively, the user can choose to share the password separately.
In the case of user-defined passwords, this option isn’t available and the password must always be communicated separately.
As a final step, the client makes a request to the server to create a new shareable URL, providing the new encrypted key packet of the share passphrase. The server stores the encrypted key packet and returns to the client a unique random URL for accessing the shared content.
When the URL is accessed, the server will return the encrypted payload needed to access the shared content. Only by knowing the URL password can the payload be decrypted and the shared file be accessed.
This is a simplified description which captures the central principle of the design. The actual implementation includes mechanisms to prevent the repeated abusive access of the URLs. It also offers the ability to set an expiration time for the URLs or to limit the number of times the URLs can be accessed.
Conclusion
In this article we described the security model of Proton Drive, which is designed to protect users’ data from malicious actors while offering the same ease of use as a non-end-to-end encrypted cloud storage service. As always, comments and suggestions are welcome, and security researchers can reach us at security@proton.me with comments or questions.
Best Regards, The Proton Team
This post was authored by Proton Drive technical lead Radu Popescu.
Proton Mail and Proton VPN are funded by community contributions. If you would like to support our development efforts, you can upgrade to a paid plan(new window) or donate(new window). Thank you for your support.
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